Faculty Column ∙ November 13, 2025

We still have a big advantage over AI. I call it ‘human junk code.’

Dr Eve Poole OBE ∙ Associate Faculty, Hult International Business School

Headshot of Eve Poole on teal background, overlaid with abstract shapes.

Upcoming research by Hult Ashridge Executive Education into what it really means to be a “better” leader is already revealing some fascinating themes. Followers yearn for leaders of integrity who can really listen to them; leaders who create cultures that nurture well-being; and leaders who are transparent, strategic, and not too busy to engage with them.  

The emerging message is that your followers want you to see them, individually, as people who are special and precious, and not just human resources for you to deploy. It may be that hybrid working is making this hankering for human connection more deeply felt, now that we potentially see our leaders less in person.

When you read the findings from Hult Ashridge’s research, The Six Shifts: What Better Leadership Really Means (which will be published on 27th November), it’s the particularly human qualities and behaviors – such as empathy, care and authenticity – that people agree make better leaders.

But in the future, could Agentic AI (which is essentially the kind that can operate on its own with minimal human supervision) be a better boss than any human, if you want a helpful boss who tailors everything to your every need, is fascinated by your input, gently coaches you, and never keeps you waiting?    

In short, no – instead, I think AI can really help us get better at leading. Partly it is because if leaders can learn to use it as well as their junior colleagues are already doing, they will be freed up to spend time actually leading people, in the way that the research findings suggest is required.

But most importantly, if you look closely at where humans still have a competitive advantage over AI, you see a wonderful list of leadership competences that will never date, and which will be needed as long as there are still people at work. Indeed, they are the key to how we might also tell when AI is reaching its limits, so that humans can intervene and make wise control decisions.     

This list is discoverable by looking at things the wrong way round. What have we NOT programmed into AI?

It is only when you start searching the cutting room floor for all the discarded bits of human design that you really discover the magic behind our intelligence.

The programmers left out all kinds of functions that they imagined were flaws in our design, or just ‘junk code.’ They were the things that seemed too mysterious or difficult or flaky to make the cut for AI, because they did not fit the narrative of a highly rational mind. 

There are 7 key elements of this apparent ‘junk’ code

First, Free Will. If you think about it, it is a disastrous design choice. Letting creatures do what they want is highly likely to lead to their rapid extinction. So it would be extremely wise to design in some risk mitigation.  

Hence Emotion. Humans are a very vulnerable species because their young take nine months to gestate, and are largely helpless for their first few years. Emotion is a good design choice because it makes these creatures bond with their children, and in their communities, to protect the vulnerable.  

Next, you design in a Sixth Sense, so that when there is no clear data to inform a decision, your species can use their intuition to access wisdom from the collective unconscious, which helps de-risk decision-making.  

Then we need to consolidate this by designing in Uncertainty. A capacity to cope with ambiguity will stop them rushing into precipitous decision-making, and make them seek out others for wise counsel.  

And if their design leads them to make Mistakes? Well, they will learn from them. And mistakes that make them feel bad will develop in them a healthy conscience, which will steer them away from repeated harms in future.  

Now that we have corrected their design to promote survival, what motivators are needed for their future flourishing? Well, they will need to want to get out of bed on a dark day, so we fit them with a capacity for Meaning-making, because a species that can discern or create meaning in the world will find reasons to keep living in the face of any adversity.  

And to keep the species going over generations? We design in a superpower of Storytelling, because stories allow communities to transmit their core values and purpose, down the generations, in a highly sticky way. Stories last for centuries, future-proofing the species through the learned wisdom of our ancestors, and the human species prevails. 

This junk code is why, despite all we know about human failings over the centuries, the species has survived to this very day.

It is a highly sophisticated little list. So it follows that it is also likely to be where we will find the recipe for our survival in the future, and advice about where leaders should focus their attention. 

When I ask leaders to look back on how they learned their leadership, and what they wish they had known 10 years ago, junk code is often at the heart of what they say: they learned to trust their gut, they used their emotional intelligence, they learned from mistakes. You will have your own list.  

So if you want an AI-proof leadership competency framework, start with human junk code. Even better, use stories from your senior leaders to zero in on how they learned to trust their own junk code, and use the lessons learned to curate new development opportunities to show confident investment in your followers. BotBosses have their uses, but it is only human bosses that can deliver the quality of human attention that other humans really crave. 

Further reading

  • Dr Eve Poole OBE is a Visiting Fellow at the Leadership Lab and the author of Robot Souls

  • AI Ready: Shaping Tomorrow with AI and Human Intelligence - Thinkers50

Practical takeaways for L&D leaders

1. Learn to use AI well - find a super-user in your organization and get them to teach you


2. Think about what you know now as a leader that you wish you'd known 10 years ago: what are these lessons, and how did you learn them?


3. Looking at these lessons learned, think about the role of your junk code in acquiring them. What do you notice?


4. Thinking about what makes you a really good leader now, what precisely is it that you do? Spoiler alert: I bet your junk code is somewhere in there!


5. Looking at the talent you are responsible for in your organization, and those who may come behind them, what could you structure in by way of opportunities for them to learn these things, so that they are ready for leadership even if AI increasingly takes over large parts of the career path?

Meet the expert

Headshot of Eve Poole

Eve Poole

Associate Faculty at Hult International Business School

Dr Eve Poole OBE is a Hult Impact Leadership Lab Visiting Fellow. She has a BA from Durham, an MBA from Edinburgh, and a PhD from Cambridge. Following careers in the charity sector and at Deloitte Consulting, she taught Leadership at Ashridge for 10 years.

She is the author of several books, including Leadersmithing and Robot Souls. She has held a variety of senior leadership roles, including CEO of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, and Chairman of Gordonstoun. She was Third Church Estates Commissioner for England from 2018-2021 and is now Executive Chair of the Woodard Corporation. She was awarded an OBE in the 2023 New Year Honours List for services to education and gender equality.

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